Free download Principles Of Polymerization By George Odian 4th Edition

4th Edition

Authors of:  Principles Of Polymerization By George Odian 4th Edition

George Odian

Table of Contents in Principles Of Polymerization By George Odian 4th Edition

PREFACE

1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations

1-1a Polymer Composition and Structure

1-1b Polymerization Mechanism

1-2 Nomenclature of Polymers

1-2a Nomenclature Based on Source

1-2b Nomenclature Based on Structure (Non-IUPAC)

1-2c IUPAC Structure-Based Nomenclature System

1-2d Trade Names and Nonnames

1-3 Linear, Branched, and Crosslinked Polymers

1-4 Molecular Weight

1-5 Physical State

1-5a Crystalline and Amorphous Behavior

1-5b Determinants of Polymer Crystallinity

1-5c Thermal Transitions

1-6 Applications of Polymers

1-6a Mechanical Properties

1-6b Elastomers, Fibers, and Plastics

References

2 STEP POLYMERIZATION

2-1 Reactivity of Functional Groups

2-1a Basis for Analysis of Polymerization Kinetics

2-1b Experimental Evidence

2-1c Theoretical Considerations

2-1d Equivalence of Groups in Bifunctional Reactants

2-2 Kinetics of Step Polymerization

2-2a Self-Catalyzed Polymerization

2-2a-1 Experimental Observations

2-2a-2 Reasons for Nonlinearity in Third-Order Plot

2-2a-3 Molecular Weight of Polymer

2-2b External Catalysis of Polymerization

2-2c Step Polymerizations Other than Polyesterification:

Catalyzed versus Uncatalyzed

2-2d Nonequivalence of Functional Groups in Polyfunctional

Reagents

2-2d-1 Examples of Nonequivalence

2-2d-2 Kinetics

2-3 Accessibility of Functional Groups

2-4 Equilibrium Considerations

2-4a Closed System

2-4b Open, Driven System

2-4c Kinetics of Reversible Polymerization

2-5 Cyclization versus Linear Polymerization

2-5a Possible Cyclization Reactions

2-5b Cyclization Tendency versus Ring Size

2-5c Reaction Conditions

2-5d Thermodynamic versus Kinetic Control

2-5e Other Considerations

2-6 Molecular Weight Control in Linear Polymerization

2-6a Need for Stoichiometric Control

2-6b Quantitative Aspects

2-6c Kinetics of Nonstoichiometric Polymerization

2-7 Molecular Weight Distribution in Linear Polymerization

2-7a Derivation of Size Distributions

2-7b Breadth of Molecular Weight Distribution

2-7c Interchange Reactions

2-7d Alternate Approaches for Molecular-Weight Distribution

2-7e Effect of Reaction Variables on MWD

2-7e-1 Unequal Reactivity of Functional Groups

2-7e-2 Change in Reactivity on Reaction

2-7e-3 Nonstoichiometry of Functional Groups

2-8 Process Conditions

2-8a Physical Nature of Polymerization Systems

2-8b Different Reactant Systems

2-8c Interfacial Polymerization

2-8c-1 Description of Process

2-8c-2 Utility

2-8d Polyesters

2-8e Polycarbonates

2-8f Polyamides

2-8g Historical Aspects

2-9 Multichain Polymerization

2-9a Branching

2-9b Molecular Weight Distribution

2-10 Crosslinking

2-10a Carothers Equation: Xn ! 1

2-10a-1 Stoichiometric Amounts of Reactants05

2-10a-2 Extension to Nonstoichiometric Reactant

Mixtures

2-10b Statistical Approach to Gelation: Xw ! 1

2-10c Experimental Gel Points

2-10d Extensions of Statistical Approach

2-11 Molecular Weight Distributions in Nonlinear Polymerizations

2-12 Crosslinking Technology

2-12a Polyesters, Unsaturated Polyesters, and Alkyds

2-12b Phenolic Polymers

2-12b-1 Resole Phenolics

2-12b-2 Novolac Phenolics

2-12b-3 Applications

2-12c Amino Plastics

2-12d Epoxy Resins

2-12e Polyurethanes

2-12f Polysiloxanes

2-12g Polysulfides

2-13 Step Copolymerization

2-13a Types of Copolymers

2-13b Methods of Synthesizing Copolymers

2-13b-1 Statistical Copolymers

2-13b-2 Alternating Copolymers

2-13b-3 Block Copolymers

2-13c Utility of Copolymerization

2-13c-1 Statistical Copolymers

2-13c-2 Block Copolymers

2-13c-3 Polymer Blends and Interpenetrating Polymer

Networks

2-13c-4 Constitutional Isomerism

2-14 High-Performance Polymers

2-14a Requirements for High-Temperature Polymers

2-14b Aromatic Polyethers by Oxidative Coupling

2-14c Aromatic Polyethers by Nucleophilic Substitution

2-14d Aromatic Polysulfides

2-14e Aromatic Polyimides

2-14f Reactive Telechelic Oligomer Approach

2-14g Liquid Crystal Polymers

2-14h 5-Membered Ring Heterocyclic Polymers

2-14i 6-Membered Ring Heterocyclic Polymers

2-14j Conjugated Polymers

2-14j-1 Oxidative Polymerization of Aniline5

2-14j-2 Poly(p-phenylene)

2-14j-3 Poly(p-phenylene Vinylene)

2-15 Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers

2-15a Inorganic Polymers

2-15a-1 Minerals

2-15a-2 Glasses

2-15a-3 Ceramics

2-15b Organometallic Polymers

2-15b-1 Polymerization via Reaction at Metal Bond

2-15b-2 Polymerization without Reaction at Metal

Bond

2-15b-3 Polysilanes

2-16 Dendritic (Highly Branched) Polymers

2-16a Random Hyperbranched Polymers

2-16b Dendrimers

2-17 Miscellaneous Topics

2-17a Enzymatic Polymerizations

2-17a-1 In Vivo (within Living Cells)

2-17a-2 In Vitro (outside Living Cells)

2-17b Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

2-17c Cycloaddition (Four-Center) Polymerization

2-17d Spiro Polymers

2-17e Pseudopolyrotoxanes and Polyrotoxanes

References

3 RADICAL CHAIN POLYMERIZATION

3-1 Nature of Radical Chain Polymerization

3-1a Comparison of Chain and Step Polymerizations

3-1b Radical versus Ionic Chain Polymerizations

3-1b-1 General Considerations of Polymerizability

3-1b-2 Effects of Substituents

3-2 Structural Arrangement of Monomer Units

3-2a Possible Modes of Propagation

3-2b Experimental Evidence

3-2c Synthesis of Head-to-Head Polymers

3-3 Rate of Radical Chain Polymerization

3-3a Sequence of Events

3-3b Rate Expression

3-3c Experimental Determination of Rp

3-3c-1 Physical Separation and Isolation of Reaction

Product

3-3c-2 Chemical and Spectroscopic Analysis

3-3c-3 Other Techniques

3-4 Initiation

3-4a Thermal Decomposition of Initiators

3-4a-1 Types of Initiators

3-4a-2 Kinetics of Initiation and Polymerization

3-4a-3 Dependence of Polymerization Rate on Initiator

3-4a-4 Dependence of Polymerization Rate on Monomer

3-4b Redox Initiation

3-4b-1 Types of Redox Initiators

3-4b-2 Rate of Redox Polymerization

3-4c Photochemical Initiation

3-4c-1 Bulk Monomer

3-4c-2 Irradiation of Thermal and Redox Initiators

3-4c-3 Rate of Photopolymerization

3-4d Initiation by Ionizing Radiation

3-4e Pure Thermal Initiation

3-4f Other Methods of Initiation

3-4g Initiator Efficiency

3-4g-1 Definition of f

3-4g-2 Mechanism of f < 1: Cage Effect

3-4g-3 Experimental Determination of f

3-4h Other Aspects of Initiation

3-5 Molecular Weight

3-5a Kinetic Chain Length

3-5b Mode of Termination

3-6 Chain Transfer  

References

4 EMULSION POLYMERIZATION

5 IONIC CHAIN POLYMERIZATION

6 CHAIN COPOLYMERIZATION

7 RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION

8 STEREOCHEMISTRY OF POLYMERIZATION

9 REACTIONS OF POLYMERS

INDEX

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