Free download Catalyst Separation, Recovery and Recycling – Catalysis by Metal Complexes

Volume 30

Authors of: Catalyst Separation, Recovery and Recycling – Catalysis by Metal Complexes By David J. Cole-Hamilton

David J. Cole-Hamilton

Robert P. Tooze

Table of Contents in Catalyst Separation, Recovery and Recycling – Catalysis by Metal Complexes By David J. Cole-Hamilton

CHAPTER 1 HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS – ADVANTAGES AND

PROBLEMS

1.1 Catalysis

1.2 Catalyst Stability

1.2.1 THERMALLY INDUCED DECOMPOSITION

1.2.2 CHEMICALLY INDUCED DECOMPOSITION

1.2.3 PHYSICAL LOSS FROM THE PROCESS

1.3 Layout of the Book

1.4 References

CHAPTER 2 CLASSICAL HOMOGENEOUS CATALYST SEPARATION

TECHNOLOGY

2.1.1 Coverage of Chapter

2.2 General Process Considerations

2.3 Everything is a Reactor

2.4 Overview of Separation Technologies

2.4.1 TRADITIONAL COBALT WITH CATALYST DECOMPOSITION

2.4.2 UNION CARBIDE-DAVY GAS RECYCLE PROCESS

2.4.3 LIQUID RECYCL

2.4.4 BIPHASIC SYSTEMS; WATER-

2.4.5 INDUCED PHASE SEPARATION

2.4.6 NON-AQUEOUS PHASE SEPARATION

2.4.6.1 NAPS Using a Non-Polar Catalyst

2.4.6.2 NAPS Using a Polar Catalyst

2.4.6.3 Ligand Structure and Solubility Properties

2.5 Hypothetical processes – How Might the Product be Separated from the

2.5.1 PROPENE

2.5.2 1-OCTENE HYDROFORMYLATION

2.5.3 ALLYL

2.5.4 METHOXYVINYLNAPHTHALENE

2.5.5 SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY FOR LESS STABLE CATALYSTS

2.5.5.1 Mitsubishi TPPO/TPP Separation

2.5.5.2 Organic Polymer for Catalyst

2.6 Real-World Complications

2.6.1 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS LIGAND

2.6.1.1 Oxidation

2.6.1.2 Alkyldiarylphosphine

2.6.1.3 Ligand Scrambling

2.6.1.4 Phosphine Reactions with Conjugated

2.6.1.5 Phosphite Oxidation

2.6.1.6 Simple Phosphite

2.6.1.7 Poisoning Phosphite

2.6.1.8 Aldehyde Acid

2.6.1.9 Acidity Control

2.6.2 SEPARATING BYPRODUCTS FROM REACTANTS OR PRODUCTS

2.6.2.1 Alkene

2.6.2.2 Alkene Isomerization

2.6.2.3 Aldehyde Dimerization and

2.6.2.4 Formation of Conjugated Carbonyls

2.6.3 INTRINSIC CATALYST DEACTIVATION

2.7 Further Separation Challenges

2.7.1 RECOVERY OF METAL VALUES FROM A SPENT CATALYST

2.7.1.1 Catalyst Containment and Capture Technologies

2.8 Concluding

2.9 References

CHAPTER 3 SUPPORTED

Immobilisation of Tailor-made Homogeneous Catalysts

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Short Historical Overview

3.3 Polystyrene Supported Catalysts

3.4 Silica Supported

3.5 Catalysis in Interphases

3.6 Ordered Mesoporous

3.7 Non-covalently Supported

3.8 Supported Aqueous Phase

3.9 Process Design [71]

3.10 Concluding

3.11 References

CHAPTER 4 SEPARATION BY SIZE-EXCLUSION FILTRATION

Homogeneous Catalysts Applied in Membrane Reactors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Reactors

4.2.1 DEAD-END FILTRATION

4.2.2 CROSS-FLOW FILTRATION REACTORS

4.3 Membranes

4.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF FILTRATION

4.4 Dendrimer Supported Catalysts

4.4.1 KHARASCH ADDITION REACTION

4.4.2 ALLYLIC SUBSTITUTION

4.4.4 HYDROGENATION

4.4.5 MICHAEL ADDITION

4.5 Dendritic Effects

4.6 Unmodified or Non-dendritic Catalysts

4.6.1 HYDROGENATION

4.6.2 PHASE TRANSFER

4.7 Soluble Polymer Supported Catalysts

4.8 Concluding

4.9 References

CHAPTER 5 BIPHASIC SYSTEMS: WATER –

5.2.1 GENERAL

5.2.2 BIPHASIC SYSTEMS

5.2.3 AQUEOUS BIPHASIC CATALYSIS

5.2.3.2 Aqueous-phase Catalysis as a Unit Operation

5.2.4 EXAMPLES OF AQUEOUS BIPHASIC

5.2.4.1 Hydroformylation (Ruhrchemie/Rhône-Poulenc[RCH/RP]

5.2.4.2 Other Industrially Used Aqueous-biphasic

5.2.4.3 Short Overview of Other Reaction

5.2.5 OTHER PROPOSALS FOR WATER – BIPHASIC SYSTEMS

5.2.6 INTERLUDE – BIPHASIC SYSTEMS: ORGANIC

5.3 Recycle and Recovery of Aqueous

5.3.1 RECYCLING

5.3.2

5.3.3 ECONOMICS OF THE

5.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL

5.4 Concluding Remarks

5.5

CHAPTER 6 FLUOROUS BIPHASIC

CHAPTER 7 CATALYST RECYCLING USING IONIC

CHAPTER 8 SUPERCRITICAL

Compressed Gases as Mobile Phase and Catalyst Support  

CHAPTER 9 AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Conventional Separation Methods (See Chapter

9.3 Catalysts on Insoluble Supports (Chapter 3)

9.4 Catalysts on Soluble Supports (Chapter

9.5 Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis (Chapter

9.6 Fluorous Biphasic Catalysis (Chapter 6)

9.7 Reactions Involving Ionic Liquids (Chaoter

9.8 Reactions Using Supercritical Fluids (Chapter

9.9 Conclusions

9.10 References

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