Chemistry In Alternative Reaction Media by Dave J. Adams (informative)
Free download Chemistry In Alternative Reaction Media by Dave J. Adams
Authors of: Chemistry In Alternative Reaction Media by Dave J. Adams
Dave J. Adams
Paul J. Dyson
Stewart J. Tavener
Table of Contents in Chemistry In Alternative Reaction Media by Dave J. Adams
Preface
Abbreviations and Acronyms
1 Chemistry in Alternative Reaction Media
1.1 Economic and Political Considerations
1.2 Why Do Things Dissolve?
1.3 Solvent Properties and Solvent Classification
1.3.1 Density
1.3.2 Mass Transport
1.3.3 Boiling Point, Melting Point and Volatility
1.3.4 Solvents as Heat-Transfer Media
1.3.5 Cohesive Pressure, Internal Pressure, and Solubility Parameter
1.4 Solvent Polarity
1.4.1 Dipole Moment and Dispersive Forces
1.4.2 Dielectric Constant
1.4.3 Electron Pair Donor and Acceptor Numbers
1.4.4 Empirical Polarity Scales
1.4.5 ETN and ET(30) Parameters
1.4.6 Kamlet–Taft Parameters
1.4.7 Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) and Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) Solvents
1.5 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Systems
1.5.1 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Reactions
1.5.2 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Equilibria
1.6 What is Required from Alternative Solvent Strategies?
References
2 Multiphasic Solvent Systems
2.1 An Introduction to Multiphasic Chemistry
2.1.1 The Traditional Biphasic Approach
2.1.2 Temperature Dependent Solvent Systems
2.1.3 Single- to Two-Phase Systems
2.1.4 Multiphasic Systems
2.2 Solvent Combinations
2.2.1 Water
2.2.2 Fluorous Solvents
2.2.3 Ionic Liquids
2.2.4 Supercritical Fluids and Other Solvent Combinations
2.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Multiphasic Systems
2.3.1 Partially Miscible Liquids
2.4 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions
2.4.1 Rate is Independent of Stoichiometry
2.4.2 Rate is Determined by the Probability of Reactants Meeting
2.4.3 Rate is Measured by the Concentration of the Reagents
2.4.4 Catalysed Systems
2.5 Kinetics of Biphasic Reactions
2.5.1 The Concentration of Reactants in Each Phase is Affected by Diffusion
2.5.2 The Concentration of the Reactants and Products in the Reacting Phase is Determined by Their Partition Coefficients
2.5.3 The Partition Coefficients of the Reactants and Products May Alter the Position of the Equilibrium
2.5.4 Effect of Diffusion on Rate
2.5.5 Determining the Rate of a Reaction in a Biphasic System
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Reactions in Fluorous Media
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Properties of Perfluorinated Solvents
3.3 Designing Molecules for Fluorous Compatibility
3.4 Probing the Effect of Perfluoroalkylation on Ligand Properties
3.5 Partition Coefficients
3.6 Liquid–Liquid Extractions
3.7 Solid Separations
3.8 Conclusions
References
4 Ionic Liquids
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The Cations and Anions
4.1.2 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids
4.2 Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids
4.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Ionic Liquids in Synthesis
4.4 Catalyst Design
4.5 Conclusions
References
5 Reactions in Water
5.1 The Structure and Properties of Water
5.1.1 The Structure of Water
5.1.2 Near-Critical Water
5.1.3 The Hydrophobic Effect
5.1.4 The Salt Effect
5.2 The Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Water in Chemical Synthesis
5.3 Organometallic Reactions in Water
5.4 Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis
5.4.1 Ligands for Aqueous–Organic Biphasic Catalysis
5.5 Phase Transfer Catalysis
5.5.1 The Transfer of Nucleophiles into Organic Solvents
5.5.2 Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitutions Under Phase Transfer Conditions
5.5.3 The Rates of Phase Transfer Reactions
5.5.4 Using Inorganic Reagents in Organic Reactions
5.6 Organometallic Catalysis under Phase Transfer Conditions
5.7 Triphase Catalysis
5.7.1 Mixing Efficiency in Solid–Liquid Reactions
5.8 Conclusions
References
6 Supercritical Fluids
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physical Properties
6.3 Local Density Augmentation
6.4 Supercritical Fluids as Replacement Solvents
6.5 Reactor Design
6.6 Spectroscopic Analysis of Supercritical Media
6.6.1 Vibrational Spectroscopy
6.6.2 NMR Spectroscopy
6.7 Reactions in Supercritical Media
6.8 Conclusions
References
7 Diels–Alder Reactions in Alternative Media
7.1 Diels–Alder Reactions in Water
7.2 Diels–Alder Reactions in Perfluorinated Solvents
7.3 Diels–Alder Reactions in Ionic Liquids
7.4 Diels–Alder Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation Reactions in Alternative
Solvents
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 Hydrogenation of Simple Alkenes and Arenes
8.2.1 Hydrogenation in Water
8.2.2 Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquids
8.2.3 Hydrogenation in Fluorous Solvents
8.2.4 Hydrogenation in Supercritical Fluids
8.3 Hydroformylation Reactions in Alternative Media
8.3.1 Hydroformylation in Water
8.3.2 Hydroformylation in Ionic Liquids
8.3.3 Hydroformylation in Fluorous Solvents
8.3.4 Hydroformylation in Supercritical Fluids
8.4 Conclusions
References
9 From Alkanes to CO2: Oxidation in Alternative Reaction Media
10 Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation, Metathesis and Polymerization
11 Alternative Reaction Media in Industrial Processes
Index
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