Basics of Ecotoxicology By Donald W. Sparling (informative)
Free download Basics of Ecotoxicology By Donald W. Sparling
Authors of: Basics of Ecotoxicology By Donald W. Sparling
Donald W. Sparling
Table of Contents in Basics of Ecotoxicology By Donald W. Sparling
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Section I An Introduction to Ecotoxicology
Chapter 1 What Is Ecotoxicology?
1.1 Introduction—What Do We Mean By ‘Ecotoxicology’?
1.2 How Did the Science of Ecotoxicology
Come About?
1.3 What Does It Take to Be an Ecotoxicologist?
1.4 Objectives of This Book
1.5 Chapter Summary
1.6 Self-Test
References
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry for Ecotoxicologists
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Elements and Periodic Chart
2.2.1 Elements
2.2.2 Periodic Chart of Elements
2.3 Chemical Reactions
2.4 Chemical Groups of Greatest Interest to Ecotoxicologists
2.4.1 Metals
2.4.2 Organic Molecules
2.5 Comments on the Fate and Transport of Chemical
Contaminants in the Environment
2.5.1 Metals
2.5.2 Radioactive Elements
2.5.3 Organic Molecules
2.6 Chemicals of Major Interest
2.6.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Similar Chemicals
2.6.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2.6.3 Organochlorine Pesticides
2.6.4 Currently Used Pesticides
2.6.5 Metals and Metalloids
2.6.6 Other Chemicals
2.7 Units of Measurement
2.8 Chapter Summary
2.9 Self-Test
References
Chapter 3 Some Ways Contaminants Affect Plants and Animals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Generalized Effects of Contaminants
3.3 Physical or Mechanical Blockage
3.4 Malformations
3.5 Interference with Enzyme Activity
3.5.1 Chelation
3.5.2 Receptor Binding
3.5.3 Neurotransmitter Interference
3.5.4 Effects of Contaminants on Plants
3.6 Impingements on the Immune System
3.7 Contaminant-Induced Endocrine Disruption
3.8 Genotoxicity
3.9 Cytochrome P450 and Other Metabolic Systems
3.10 So How Do Ecotoxicologists Study These Effects?
3.11 Chapter Summary
3.12 Self-Test
References
Section II Major Groups of Contaminants: Where
They Come from, What They Can Do
Chapter 4 Metals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources of Metals in the Environment
4.3 Factors Affecting the Behavior of
4.4 Biological Effects of Metals
4.5 Characteristics of Lead and Mercury
4.5.1 Characteristics of Lead
4.5.2 General Characteristics of Mercury
4.6 Chapter Summary
4.7 Self-Test
References
Chapter 5 Current Use Pesticides
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What Is a Pesticide?
5.2.1 Pesticide Use Is Controversial
5.3 Economics of Current Use Pesticides
5.4 Types of Pesticides
5.4.1 Carbamates
5.4.2 Organophosphates
5.4.3 Pyrethroids
5.4.4 Phosphonoglycine
5.4.5 Triazines
5.4.6 Inorganics, Metals, and Biologics
5.5 Chapter Summary
5.6 Self-Test
References
Chapter 6 Halogenated Organic Contaminants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
6.2.1 Chemistry
6.2.2 Persistence
6.2.3 Breakdown of PCBs
6.2.4 Concentrations of PCBs in Some Animal Tissues
6.2.5 Biological Effects of PCBs
6.3 Ecotoxicity of Dioxins, Furans, and Dioxin-Like
Compounds
6.3.1 General Mechanisms of Toxicity
6.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polybrominated
Biphenyls
6.5 Polyfluorinated Organic Compounds
6.6 Chapter Summary
6.7 Self-Test
References
Chapter 7 Other Major Organic Contaminants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
7.2.1 Chemical Characteristics of PAHs
7.2.2 Sources and Uses of PAHs
7.2.3 Persistence
7.2.4 Environmental Concentrations
7.2.5 Some Examples of Biological Concentrations
7.2.6 Biological Effects of PAHs
7.3 Oil Spills and PAH
7.4 Organochlorine Pesticides
7.4.1 Sources and Use
7.4.2 General Chemical Characteristics of OCPs
7.4.3 Structure
7.4.4 Persistence
7.4.5 Examples of OCP Concentrations in
Environmental Sources
7.4.6 Concentrations of OCPs in Animals
7.4.7 Biological Effects of Organochlorine Pesticides
7.5 Chapter Summary
7.6 Self-Test
References
Chapter 8 Contaminants of Increasing Concern
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Plastics
8.3 Pharmaceuticals
8.4 Nanoparticles
8.5 Acid Deposition
8.6 Chapter Summary
8.7 Self-Test
References
Section III Higher Level Effects, Analysis of
Risk, and Regulation of Chemicals
Chapter 9 Studying the Effects of Contaminants on Populations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 How Might Contaminants Influence the Characteristics
of Populations?
9.2.1 Density Dependence and Independence
9.2.2 Abundance
9.2.3 Sex Ratios
9.2.4 Age Structure
9.3 Contaminants and Life Table Analyses
9.4 Chapter Summary
9.5 Self-Test
References
Chapter 10 How Contaminants Can Affect Community and Ecosystem
Dynamics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Aspects of Community Ecology
10.2.1 Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance
10.2.2 Food Chains and
10.2.3 Symbiotic
10.2.4 Ecological Succession
10.2.5 Community
10.3 Contaminants and Ecosystems
10.4 Chapter Summary
10.5 Self-Test
References
Chapter 11 Risk Assessment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Brief Overview of the History of Risk Assessment
11.3 What Is an Ecological Risk Assessment Like?
11.4 Assessing Risk to Organisms
11.5 Uncertainty in Risk Assessments
11.6 Vulnerability Analysis
11.7 Risk Management
11.8 Chapter Summary
11.9 Self-Test
References
Chapter 12 Domestic and Global Regulation of Environmentally Important
Chemicals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 International Authorities
12.2.1 The United Nations
12.2.2 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and
Development
12.2.3 European Union
12.3 National Regulation of Contaminants
12.3.1 State Department
12.3.2 Department of Defense
12.3.3 Department of Agriculture
12.3.3.1 U.S. Forest Service
12.3.3.2 Natural Resources Conservation
Service
12.3.4 Department of the Interior
12.3.4.1 Fish and Wildlife Service
12.3.4.2 Bureau of Land Management
12.3.4.3 U.S. Geological Survey
12.3.4.4 Bureau of Safety and Environmental
Enforcement
12.3.5 Department of Commerce
12.3.5.1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
12.3.5.2 U.S. Coast Guard
12.3.6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
12.3.6.1 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA, 1938)
12.3.6.2 Clean Air Act
12.3.6.3 Clean Water Act (1972)
12.3.6.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA,
12.3.6.5 Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA, 1976)
12.3.6.6 Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA,
12.3.6.7 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA, 1996)
12.4 Regulation at the State and Municipal
12.5 Chapter
12.6 Self-
Chapter 13 Future Perspectives and Concluding
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Does Looking Backward Tell Us Anything about Where
the Science is Headed?
13.3 What Is the Current Status of Ecotoxicology?
13.4 Where Should the Science
13.4.1 Conduct Studies on the Huge Inventory Under
the Toxic Substances Control Act
13.4.2 Effects of Multiple Contaminants on
13.4.3 Increased Consideration by Regulatory Agencies
for Relevant
13.4.4 Alternative
13.4.5 Develop Realistic
13.4.6 Increase Study of Higher Level
13.4.7 Gain More Information on Nanoparticles
13.4.8 Encourage Advancements in Environmental
Chemistry and Risk Assessment
References
Glossary
Index
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