Free download A2 Level Chemistry Definitions + Reactions

Table of Contents in A2 Level Chemistry Definitions + Reactions

Preface

Purpose of the Book

How to Use This Book

Acknowledgments

Part I: Physical Chemistry

Chapter 1: Thermodynamics

1.1 Standard Enthalpy Changes

Definition of Enthalpy Change

Enthalpy of Formation, Combustion, Neutralisation

1.2 Hess’s Law and Energy Cycles

1.3 Bond Enthalpies and Calculations

1.4 Born-Haber Cycles

Lattice Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Atomisation

Electron Affinity (1st and 2nd)

Chapter 2: Kinetics

2.1 Rate of Reaction

2.2 Rate Equations and Order of Reaction

2.3 Rate Determining Step

2.4 Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy

2.5 Catalysis – Homogeneous and Heterogeneous

Chapter 3: Equilibria

3.1 Dynamic Equilibrium Concepts

3.2 Le Chatelier’s Principle

3.3 Equilibrium Constant, Kc

3.4 Equilibrium Constant, Kp (Gas Phase)

3.5 Applications in Industry

Chapter 4: Acids, Bases and pH

4.1 Definitions: Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis

4.2 pH Scale and Calculations

4.3 Ka and pKa

4.4 Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases

4.5 Buffer Solutions – Definition and Mechanism

4.6 Acid-Base Titration and Indicators

Part II: Inorganic Chemistry

Chapter 5: Periodicity and Group Chemistry

5.1 Trends in Period 3 Elements

5.2 Oxides of Period 3 – Acid-Base Nature

5.3 Group 2 – Reactions and Trends

5.4 Group 7 (Halogens) – Reactions and Redox Behaviour

5.5 Displacement Reactions and Test for Halides

Chapter 6: Transition Metals

6.1 General Properties

6.2 Variable Oxidation States

6.3 Complex Formation – Ligands, Coordination Number

6.4 Colour in Transition Metals

6.5 Catalysis by Transition Elements

6.6 Ligand Substitution and Chelation

6.7 Redox Reactions and E° Values

Part III: Organic Chemistry

Chapter 7: Basic Concepts and Mechanisms

7.1 Nomenclature and Functional Groups

7.2 Isomerism – Structural and Stereoisomerism

7.3 Reaction Types – Substitution, Addition, Elimination

7.4 Curly Arrow Notation and Reaction Mechanism Fundamentals

Chapter 8: Alkanes and Alkenes

8.1 Free Radical Substitution in Alkanes

8.2 Electrophilic Addition in Alkenes

8.3 Industrial Uses of Alkenes (e.g., Polymerisation)

8.4 Test for Alkenes

Chapter 9: Alcohols and Halogenoalkanes

9.1 Properties and Reactions of Alcohols

9.2 Oxidation of Alcohols

9.3 Nucleophilic Substitution in Halogenoalkanes

9.4 Elimination Reactions from Halogenoalkanes

9.5 Test for Halides

Chapter 10: Aldehydes and Ketones

10.1 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

10.2 Nucleophilic Addition – HCN and Reduction with NaBH₄

10.3 Tests – Fehling’s, Tollen’s, Brady’s Reagent

Chapter 11: Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

11.1 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

11.2 Reactions: Esterification, Neutralisation

11.3 Acyl Chlorides – Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

11.4 Hydrolysis of Esters – Acidic and Basic

Chapter 12: Aromatic Chemistry

12.1 Structure and Stability of Benzene

12.2 Electrophilic Substitution: Nitration, Acylation

12.3 Reactivity Compared to Alkenes

Chapter 13: Amines and Amides

13.1 Basicity of Amines

13.2 Preparation of Amines

13.3 Nucleophilic Substitution and Reduction

13.4 Formation and Reactions of Amides

Chapter 14: Amino Acids, Proteins & DNA

14.1 Zwitterions and Isoelectric Point

14.2 Peptide Linkage and Protein Structure

14.3 Enzymes and pH Effects

14.4 DNA – Structure and Base Pairing

14.5 Hydrogen Bonding in Biological Systems

Chapter 15: Polymer Chemistry

15.1 Condensation Polymers – Polyesters, Polyamides

15.2 Biodegradability and Environmental Impact

15.3 Identification and Uses of Polymers

Part IV: Analytical Techniques

Chapter 16: Spectroscopy and Chromatography

16.1 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy – Functional Group Identification

16.2 Mass Spectrometry – Fragmentation and M⁺ Peak

16.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Chemical Shift

Proton Environments

16.4 Chromatography – TLC and Gas Chromatography

Part V: Reaction Reference Tables

Chapter 17: Organic Reaction Map

17.1 Flowchart of Organic Conversions

17.2 Reagents and Conditions Summary

17.3 Mechanism Type Key

17.4 Color Change and Observation Indicators

Chapter 18: Inorganic Reactions Summary

18.1 Group 2 – Reactions with Water, Acids, Oxygen

18.2 Halogen Displacement and Redox

18.3 Transition Metal Ion Reactions – Colour Changes

18.4 Ligand Exchange and Precipitation Reactions

Part VI: Definitions Bank

Chapter 19: Glossary of Key Definitions

Over 300 Crucial Definitions by Topic

Definitions of Mechanisms and Reaction Types

Common Exam Keywords Explained

Appendices

A. Periodic Table

B. Data Booklet References

C. Common Ions and Charges

D. Formulae Sheet and Constants

Index

Complete Index of Topics, Definitions, and Reactions

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