Organic Chemistry A Laboratory Course By Steven F. Pedersen (informative)
Free download Organic Chemistry A Laboratory Course By Steven F. Pedersen
Authors of: Organic Chemistry A Laboratory Course By Steven F. Pedersen
Steven F. Pedersen
Arlyn M. Myers
Table of Contents in Organic Chemistry A Laboratory Course By Steven F. Pedersen
Preface to the Student
Preface to the Instructor
The Front Cover: Nature’s Organic Chemistry Laboratory
PART I: Theory and Techniques
Chapter 1: Safety in the Chemistry Laboratory
1.1 Personal Safety
1.2 Fire/Earthquake/Emergency Evacuation
1.3 Equipment Safety
1.4 Chemical Safety
1.5 Cleanup and Waste Disposal
Chapter 2: The Laboratory Notebook and the Laboratory Period
2.1 Before the Laboratory Period
2.2 During the Laboratory Period
2.3 Before Leaving the Lab
2.4 After the Laboratory Period
2.5 Your Responsibility at All Times
Chapter 3: Where to Find It: Searching the Literature
Chapter 4: Things You Need to Know Before You Begin
4.1 Acid-Base Reactions
4.1.1 The Brønsted-Lowry Definition
4.1.1.a Calculating the Concentrations of the Acid and Base Forms Present
4.1.1.b Calculating the Equilibrium Constants for Acid-Base Reactions
4.1.2 The Lewis Definition
4.1.3 Problems
4.2 Limiting Reactants, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
4.2.1 Calculating the Theoretical Yield
4.2.2 Problems
Chapter 5: Properties of Organic Molecules
5.1 Bonding Between Atoms to Form Molecules
5.1.1 Bond Dipole Moments
5.2 The Effect of Structure on the Polarity of Molecules
5.2.1 Molecular Dipole Moments
5.2.1.a Group Dipole Moments
5.3 The Types of Intermolecular Forces
5.3.1 Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions (London Dispersion Forces) (ID-ID)
5.3.1.a Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions in the Noble Gases
5.3.1.b Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions Between Molecules with No Polar Bonds
Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions from Non-Bonding Electrons
Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions from Bonding Electrons
5.3.2 Dipole-Dipole Interactions (D-D)
5.3.2.a Hydrogen Bonding (a Special Dipole-Dipole Interaction)
5.3.3 Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions (D-ID)
5.3.4 Ion-Ion Interactions (I-I)
5.3.5 Ion-Dipole Interactions (I-D)
5.3.6 Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions (I-ID)
5.4 Intermolecular Forces Between Dissimilar Molecules
5.5 The Distinction Between Solubility and Reactivity
5.6 Problems
Chapter 6: Characteristic Physical Properties of Pure Compounds
6.1 Solubility
6.1.1 Inert vs. Reactive Solvents: Acid-Base Reactions
6.2 Changes in Physical State
6.3 Melting Point Range
6.3.1 The Effect of Impurities on the Melting Point Range
6.3.1.a Impurities That Are Insoluble in the Liquid Phase
6.3.1.b Impurities That Are Soluble in the Liquid Phase
6.3.2 Mixed Melting Points
6.3.2.a The Melting Point of Chiral Molecules
6.3.3 Determining the Melting Point of a Compound
6.4 Boiling Point
6.4.1 The Effect of Impurities on the Boiling Point
6.4.1.a Insoluble, Non-Volatile Impurities
6.4.1.b Soluble, Non-Volatile Impurities
6.4.1.c Soluble, Volatile Impurities
Non-Ideal Behavior for Mixtures of Two Soluble, Volatile Liquids
Minimum-Boiling Azeotropes
Maximum-Boiling Azeotropes
6.4.1.d Insoluble, Volatile Impurities
Steam Distillation
6.4.2 Determining the Boiling Point of a Liquid
6.5 Sublimation
6.5.1 Evaporation vs Boiling and Sublimation
Chapter 7: Isolation and Purification of Compounds
7.1 Recrystallization
7.1.1 The Equipment
7.1.2 Choosing the Solvent
7.1.2.a Finding a Recrystallization Solvent
7.1.3 Obtaining a Hot, Saturated Solution of the Compound
7.1.3.a Recrystallization Using a Mixed Solvent (Cosolvent)
7.1.4 Removing Any Colored Impurities
7.1.5 Removing Undissolved Impurities and Charcoal
7.1.6 Allowing the Crystals to Form
7.1.7 Collecting the Crystals
7.1.8 Washing the Crystals
7.1.9 Drying the Crystals
7.1.10 Obtaining a Second Crop
7.2 Filtration
7.2.1 Square-Tip Pasteur Pipette Filtration
7.2.2 Glass-Fiber Pasteur Pipette Filtration to Remove Small Particles or Charcoal
7.2.3 Filtration Using a Hirsch Funnel or a Short-Stemmed Funnel
7.2.4 Decanting the Solvent
7.2.5 Vacuum Filtration
7.3 Distillation
7.3.1 Simple Distillation
7.3.1.a Volatile Solvent or Impurities; Soluble, Non-Volatile Product
7.3.1.b Soluble, Non-Volatile Impurities; Volatile Product
7.3.1.c Soluble, Volatile Impurities; Volatile Product
7.3.2 Fractional Distillation
7.3.2.a Soluble, Volatile Impurities; Volatile Product
7.3.3 Vacuum Distillation
7.3.4 Steam Distillation
7.3.4.a Insoluble, Volatile Impurities; Volatile Product
7.4 Reflux
7.4.1 Collecting Noxious Gases Using a Gas Trap
7.4.1.a Instructions for Setting Up a Gas Trap
7.5 Sublimation/Evaporation
7.6 Extraction and Washing
7.6.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
7.6.2 Liquid-Solid Extraction
7.6.3 Washing
7.7 Drying
7.7.1 Removing the Drying Agent From the Solution
7.8 Chromatography
7.8.1 Common Types of Chromatography
7.8.1.a Adsorption Chromatography
7.8.1.b Partition Chromatography
7.8.1.c Normal-Phase Chromatography
7.8.1.d Reverse-Phase Chromatography
7.8.2 Limitations of Chromatography
7.8.3 Thin Layer Chromatography
7.8.3.a The Stationary Phase
7.8.3.b The Mobile Phase
7.8.3.c Applying the Sample to the Stationary Phase and Developing the Plate
7.8.3.d Visualizing the Plate and Analyzing the Data
7.8.3.e Factors Affecting Separation
7.8.3.f Applications of Thin Layer Chromatography
7.8.3.g General Procedure for Thin Layer Chromatography
Prepare the Micropipettes
Prepare the Developing Chamber
Spot the Plates
Develop the Plates
Visualize the Spots
Record the Data in the Laboratory Notebook
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Free download Organic Chemistry A Laboratory Course By Steven F. Pedersen
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