Free download Introduction to Polymer Chemistry By Charles E. Carraher Jr. 4th Edition

4th Edition

Authors of:  Introduction to Polymer Chemistry By Charles E. Carraher Jr. 4th Edition

Charles E. Carraher Jr.

Table of Contents in Introduction to Polymer Chemistry By Charles E. Carraher Jr. 4th Edition

Acknowledgments

Author  

How to Study Polymers  

Polymer Nomenclature  

American Chemistry Society Committee on Professional Training Requirements  

Chapter 1 Introduction to Polymers  

1.1 History of Polymers  

1.2 Why Polymers?

1.3 Today’s Marketplace  

1.4 Environmental Assessment  

1.4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment  

1.4.2 Ecological Footprint  

1.4.3 Life Cycle Assessment  

1.5 Managing Sustainability  

Summary  

Glossary  

Further  

General Encyclopedias and Dictionaries  

Chapter 2 Polymer Structure (Morphology)  

2.1 Stereochemistry of Polymers  

2.2 Molecular Interactions  

2.2.1 Glass Transition and Melt Transition  

2.2.2 Secondary Structures  

2.3 Polymer Crystals  

2.4 Amorphous Bulk State   

2.5 Polymer Structure–Property Relationships  

2.6 Crystalline and Amorphous Combinations  

2.7 Cross-Linking  

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 3 Molecular Weight of Polymers  

3.1 Introduction  

3.2 Solubility  

3.2.1 Basic Concepts  

3.2.2 Theoretical Approaches to Solubility  

3.3 Average Molecular Weight Values  

3.4 Fractionation of Polydisperse Systems

3.5 Chromatography   

3.5.1 General Chromatography   

3.5.2 Ion-Exchange Chromatography   

3.5.3 Affinity Chromatography  

3.5.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography  

3.5.5 Electrophoresis  

3.5.6 Gel Permeation Chromatography  

3.5.7 Size Exclusion Chromatography  

3.6 Colligative Molecular Weights  

3.6.1 Osmometry  

3.6.2 End-Group  

3.6.3 Ebulliometry and Cryometry  

3.7 Light-Scattering Photometry  

3.8 Other Techniques  

3.8.1 Ultracentrifugation  

3.8.2 Mass Spectrometry  

3.9 Viscometry  

3.9.1 Solution Viscosity  

3.9.2 Melted Polymer Viscosities  

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 4 Naturally Occurring Polymers  

Summary   

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading   

Chapter 5 Step-Reaction Polymerization (Polycondensation Reactions)   

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 6 Ionic Chain Reaction and Complex Coordination Polymerization (Addition Polymerization)  

6.1 Cationic Polymerization  

6.1.1 Kinetics of Cationic Polymerization  

6.1.2 Poly(Vinyl Isobutyl Ether)  

6.1.3 Polyoxymethylene  

viii Contents

6.1.4 Poly(Ethylene Oxide)  

6.1.5 Polyterpenes and Related Polymers  

6.2 Anionic Polymerization  

6.2.1 Kinetics of Anionic Polymerization  

6.2.2 Cis-1,4-Polyisoprene  214

6.2.3 Living Polymers  214

6.3 Stereoregularity and Stereogeometry  

6.4 Polymerization with Complex Coordination Catalysts  216

6.5 Soluble Stereoregulating Catalysis  

6.6 Polyethylenes  

6.6.1 Introduction Polyethylenes  

6.6.2 High-Density Polyethylene  

6.6.3 Linear Low-Density  

6.6.4 Very-Low-Density Polyethylene  

6.6.5 Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene  

6.6.6 Ultralinear Polyethylene  

6.6.7 Cross-Linked Polyethylene  

6.6.8 Medium-Density Polyethylene  

6.6.9 Polymethylene   

6.6.10 Shopping Bags  

6.7 Polypropylene  

6.7.1 History  

6.7.2 Stereospecific Structures  

6.7.3 Early Production  

6.7.4 Forms of Polypropylene  

6.8 Polymers from 1,4-Dienes  

6.8.1 Introduction  

6.8.2 Butadiene Rubber  

6.8.3 ABS  

6.8.4 High-Impact Polystyrene  

6.8.5 Polyisoprene  

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 7 Free Radical Chain Polymerization (Addition Polymerization)  245

7.1 Initiators for Free Radical Chain Polymerization  245

7.2 Mechanism for Free Radical Chain Polymerization  

7.3 Chain Transfer  

7.4 Polymerization Techniques  

7.4.1 Bulk Polymerization  

7.4.2 Suspension Polymerization  

7.4.3 Solution Polymerization  

7.4.4 Emulsion Polymerization  

7.5 Fluorine-Containing Polymers  

7.5.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene  

7.5.2 Poly(Vinyl Fluoride)  

7.5.3 Other Fluorine-Containing Polymers  

7.6 Polystyrene  

7.7 Poly(Vinyl Chloride)  

7.8 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)  

7.9 Polyacrylonitrile  

7.10 Solid-State Irradiation Polymerization  274

7.11 Plasma Polymerizations  274

Summary  

Glossary  276

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 8 Copolymerization  

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 9 Organometallic and Metalloid Polymers  

9.1 Introduction  

9.2 Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms  

9.3 Condensation Organometallic Polymers  

9.4 Coordination Polymers  

9.5 Addition Polymers  

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 10 Inorganic Polymers  

Chapter 11 Reactions of Polymers  

11.1 Reactions with Polyolefins and Polyenes  

11.2 Reactions of Aromatic and Aliphatic Pendant Groups  

11.3 Degradation  371

11.4 Cross-

11.5 Reactivities of End Groups  

11.6 Supramolecules and Self-Assembly  374

11.7 Transfer and Retention of Oxygen  

11.8 Nature’s Macromolecular Catalysts  

11.9 Photosynthesis  

11.9.1 General  

11.9.2 Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria  

11.9.3 Green Sulfur Bacteria  

11.10 Mechanisms of Physical Energy  

11.11 Breakage of Polymeric Materials   

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 12 Testing and Spectrometric Characterization of Polymers  

12.1 Spectronic Characterization of Polymers  

12.1.1 Infrared Spectroscopy  

12.1.2 Raman Spectroscopy  

12.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  

12.1.4 NMR Applications  

12.1.5 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  

12.1.6 X-Ray Spectroscopy  

12.2 Surface Characterization  

12.2.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance  

12.2.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy  

12.2.3 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy  

12.2.4 Electron Microscopy  

12.2.5 Scanning Probe Microscopy  

12.2.6 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy  

12.2.7 Superresolution Fluorescence Microscopy  

12.3 Amorphous Region Determinations  

12.4 Thermal Analysis  

12.5 Thermal Property Tests  

12.5.1 Thermal Conductivity  

12.5.2 Thermal   

12.5.3 Glass Transition Temperatures  

12.6 Flammability  

12.7 Electrical Properties: Theory  

12.8 Electric Measurements  

12.9 Weatherability  

12.10 Optical Property Tests  

12.10.1 Index of Refraction  

12.10.2 Optical Clarity  

12.10.3 Absorption and Reflectance  

12.11 Chemical Resistance  

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 13 Rheology and Physical Tests  421

13.1 Rheology  421

13.1.1 Rheology and Physical Tests  424

13.1.2 Response Time  

13.2 Typical Stress–Strain Behavior  

13.3 Stress–Strain Relationships   

13.4 Specific Physical Tests  431

13.4.1 Tensile Strength  431

13.4.2 Tensile Strength of Inorganic and Metallic Fibers and Whiskers  432

13.4.3 Hardness  

13.4.4 Failure  

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 14 Additives  437

Summary  

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 15 Synthesis of Reactants and Intermediates for Polymers  459

15.1 Monomer Synthesis from Basic Feedstocks  459

15.2 Reactants for Step-Reaction Polymerization  

15.3 Synthesis of Vinyl Monomers   

15.4 Search for Less Expensive Feedstocks  

Summary   

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Chapter 16 Polymer Technology  

Summary

Glossary  

Exercises  

Further Reading  

Appendix A: Structures of Common Polymers  

Appendix B: Symbols and Acronyms  

Appendix C: Comments on Health  

Appendix D: ISO 9000 and 14000  

Appendix E: Web Information   

Index

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