Free download Hydrogen Storage Materials – The Characterisation of Their Storage Properties (2011) by Darren P. Broom

Authors of:  Hydrogen Storage Materials – The Characterisation of Their Storage Properties (2011) by Darren P. Broom

Darren P. Broom

Table of Contents in Hydrogen Storage Materials – The Characterisation of Their Storage Properties (2011) by Darren P. Broom

Introduction 1.1 The Hydrogen Energy Transition

1.2 Technological Barriers

1.3 Hydrogen Storage Technology

1.4 Solid State Storage

1.5 The Hydrogen Storage Properties of Materials

1.6 Hydrogen Sorption Measurement

1.7 Terminology

1.8 Summary

Potential Storage Materials 2.1 Microporous Materials

2.1.1 Carbons

2.1.2 Zeolites

2.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks

2.1.4 Organic Polymers

2.2 Interstitial Hydrides

2.2.1 Intermetallic Compounds

2.2.2 Solid Solution Alloys

2.2.3 Modified Binary Hydrides

2.2.4 Amorphous and Nanostructured Alloys

2.3 Complex Hydrides

2.3.1 Alanates

2.3.2 Nitrides, Amides, and Imides

2.3.3 Borohydrides

2.3.4 Complex Transition Metal Hydrides

2.4 Other Materials

2.4.1 Clathrates

2.4.2 Ionic Liquids

2.4.3 Hydrogen Spillover

2.4.4 Organic and Inorganic Nanotubes

2.5 Summary

Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Materials 3.1 Practical Storage Properties

3.1.1 Reversible Storage Capacity

3.1.2 Long-Term Cycling Stability

3.1.3 Gaseous Impurity Resistance

3.1.4 Ease of Activation

3.2 Thermodynamic Properties

3.2.1 Enthalpy of Adsorption

3.2.2 Enthalpy of Hydride Formation or Decomposition

3.3 Kinetic Properties

3.3.1 Hydrogen Adsorption

3.3.2 Hydrogen Absorption

3.4 Isotherm Models

3.4.1 Supercritical Hydrogen Adsorption

3.4.2 Hydrogen Absorption

3.5 Kinetic Models

3.5.1 Surface Penetration

3.5.2 Hydrogen Diffusion

3.5.3 Phase Transformation

3.6 Summary

Gas Sorption Measurement Techniques 4.1 Volumetric Techniques

4.1.1 Manometric (Sieverts) Method

4.1.2 Other Volumetric Approaches

4.1.3 Kinetic Measurements

4.2 Gravimetric Techniques

4.2.1 The Gravimetric Method

4.2.2 Vacuum Microbalances

4.2.3 High Pressure Systems

4.3 Thermal Desorption

4.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

4.3.2 Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy

4.4 Comparison of Techniques

4.5 Summary

Complementary Characterization Techniques 5.1 Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

5.2 Gas Adsorption

5.2.1 Surface Area Determination

5.2.2 Pore Volume Determination

5.2.3 Pore Size Distribution

5.3 Powder Diffraction

5.3.1 Neutrons

5.3.2 X-rays

5.3.3 Small Angle Scattering

5.4 Spectroscopy

5.4.1 Inelastic Neutron Scattering

5.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

5.4.3 Infrared Spectroscopy

5.5 Other Techniques

5.6 Summary

Experimental Considerations 6.1 Properties of Gas Phase Hydrogen

6.1.1 Compressibility

6.1.2 Joule–Thomson Effect

6.1.3 Thermal Conductivity

6.2 Properties of Materials

6.2.1 Sample Volume, Density, and Mass

6.2.2 Air and Moisture Sensitivity

6.3 General Instrumentation Issues

6.4 Experimental Methodology

6.4.1 Sample Degassing and Activation

6.4.2 Equilibration Times

6.5 Volumetric and Gravimetric Measurements

6.5.1 Thermal Gradients and Dead Volume Corrections

6.6 Thermal Desorption

6.6.1 Sample Size and Temperature Considerations

6.7 Summary

Concluding Remarks 7.1 Interlaboratory Studies

7.2 Reference Materials

7.3 Measurement Guidelines

Chapter 1: Introduction

The introduction chapter provides an overview of the transition to hydrogen energy, a critical element in the shift towards a low-carbon future. It highlights the challenges associated with hydrogen technology, particularly the technological barriers that need to be addressed. A key issue is hydrogen storage, which has emerged as one of the major hurdles in its widespread adoption. The chapter delves into various storage technologies, emphasizing solid-state storage, which holds potential for efficient hydrogen containment. It also discusses the properties of materials used in hydrogen storage, focusing on their ability to absorb and release hydrogen. The measurement of hydrogen sorption is presented, outlining the methods used to evaluate storage materials’ performance. Finally, the chapter provides necessary terminology and a summary of key points related to hydrogen storage.

Chapter 2: Potential Storage Materials

This chapter explores a wide range of materials that can be used for hydrogen storage. The first section examines microporous materials like carbons, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and organic polymers, which can store hydrogen through adsorption. It then moves to interstitial hydrides, discussing intermetallic compounds, solid solution alloys, and modified binary hydrides. These materials absorb hydrogen in their lattice structure. The next section, complex hydrides, focuses on alanates, nitrides, borohydrides, and complex transition metal hydrides, which chemically bond with hydrogen. Other innovative materials, including clathrates, ionic liquids, hydrogen spillover technologies, and organic and inorganic nanotubes, are also considered for their potential in hydrogen storage. The chapter concludes with a summary that recaps the diverse materials reviewed and their respective roles in advancing hydrogen storage technologies.

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