Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment (2012) by Giusy Lofrano (informative)
Free download Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment (2012) by Giusy Lofrano
Authors of: Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment (2012) by Giusy Lofrano
Giusy Lofrano
Table of Contents in Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment (2012) by Giusy Lofrano
1 Chemically Assisted Primary Sedimentation:
A Green Chemistry Option
1.1 Introduction
1.2 CAPS as a Green Technology
1.3 A Paradigmatic Case Study
1.3.1 Case Study Materials and Methods
1.3.2 Case Study Results and Discussion
1.4 Concluding Remarks
References
2 Detection of Transformation Products of Emerging
Contaminants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Detection of Emerging Contaminants and Their
Transformation Products in Environmental Samples
2.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Transformation Products
2.2.2 Detection Methods
2.3 Steroid Estrogens and Transformation Products
2.3.1 Detection Methods
2.4 Personal Care Products and Transformation Products
2.4.1 Detection Methods
2.5 Concluding Remarks
References
3 Removal of Trace Pollutants by Application of MBR
Technology for Wastewater Treatment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The MBR Technology
3.3 Trace Pollutants Removal by MBR Plants
3.4 Is MBR a Green Technology?.
3.5 Concluding Remarks
References
4 Application of Wet Oxidation to Remove Trace Pollutants
from Wastewater
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Wet Oxidation Process as Green Technology
4.3 Kinetics of Wet Oxidations
4.4 Concluding Remarks
References
5 Advanced Oxidation of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds:
Review on Photo-Fenton Treatment of Alkylphenols
and Bisphenol A
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Photo-Fenton Treatment Process
5.2.1 The Photo-Fenton Reaction: General Overview
5.2.2 Active Oxidants Involved in the Photo-Fenton
Reaction
5.2.3 Effect of Cl- Ions on the Photolysis of Iron
Complexes
5.2.4 Temperature Dependence of Photo-Fenton
Reactions
5.2.5 Ferrioxalate-Photo-Fenton Systems
5.2.6 Heterogeneous Fenton and Photo-Fenton Systems.
5.2.7 Process Integration with Biological Treatment
5.3 Oxidation of Alkyl Phenols and Bisphenol A by
Photo-Fenton Process
5.3.1 Alkyl Phenols
5.3.2 Bisphenol A
5.4 Concluding Remarks
References
6 Outlook
**Chapter 1: Chemically Assisted Primary Sedimentation (CAPS): A Green Chemistry Option**
1.1 Introduction
Chemically Assisted Primary Sedimentation (CAPS) is a sustainable approach aimed at improving wastewater treatment. This technique enhances the sedimentation of suspended solids and pollutants through the addition of chemicals, allowing for cleaner effluent discharge. CAPS is gaining popularity as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods.
1.2 CAPS as a Green Technology
CAPS follows the principles of green chemistry by minimizing the need for hazardous chemicals and reducing energy-intensive processes. This approach supports the goal of lowering environmental impacts, positioning it as a viable solution for wastewater management in both urban and industrial settings.
1.3 A Paradigmatic Case Study
To evaluate the effectiveness of CAPS, a case study is discussed. The study illustrates how CAPS can be applied to enhance the removal of pollutants in wastewater treatment systems.
1.3.1 Case Study Materials and Methods
The case study utilizes real wastewater samples from an industrial source. Various chemical agents were tested to evaluate their effectiveness in promoting sedimentation. Analytical methods were used to measure the concentration of pollutants before and after treatment, providing a clear assessment of CAPS’ impact on water quality.
1.3.2 Case Study Results and Discussion
The results showed a significant improvement in the removal of suspended solids and pollutants when CAPS was applied. The use of specific chemicals facilitated the faster settling of particles, resulting in a cleaner effluent. The discussion highlights the advantages of CAPS, including its potential to reduce the overall environmental footprint of wastewater treatment plants.
1.4 Concluding Remarks
CAPS presents a promising green chemistry alternative for enhancing wastewater treatment. Its ability to improve sedimentation while reducing chemical use and energy consumption makes it an attractive option for sustainable water management.
**Chapter 2: Detection of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants**
2.1 Introduction
Emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and steroid hormones, pose a growing environmental challenge. Detecting both the original contaminants and their transformation products (byproducts of degradation processes) is essential for understanding their impact on ecosystems and human health.
2.2 Detection of Emerging Contaminants and Their Transformation Products in Environmental Samples
Emerging contaminants are increasingly found in environmental samples, especially in water bodies affected by wastewater discharge. Detecting these substances, along with their transformation products, is critical for assessing their potential risks.
2.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Transformation Products
Pharmaceuticals often persist in the environment, and their transformation products can sometimes be more toxic than the parent compounds. Advanced detection methods are necessary to identify these substances in various environmental samples.
2.2.2 Detection Methods
Several analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry and chromatography, are employed to detect pharmaceuticals and their transformation products. These methods provide accurate identification and quantification of contaminants, enabling better risk assessment.
2.3 Steroid Estrogens and Transformation Products
Steroid estrogens, such as those found in contraceptives, are another class of emerging contaminants with significant ecological implications. Detecting both these compounds and their transformation products is vital for understanding their environmental fate.
2.3.1 Detection Methods
Advanced techniques, including liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, are used to detect steroid estrogens and their transformation products. These methods offer high sensitivity and specificity, making them essential tools for monitoring environmental contamination.
2.4 Personal Care Products and Transformation Products
Personal care products, such as shampoos, lotions, and cosmetics, are a significant source of emerging contaminants. Their transformation products can also pose risks to aquatic ecosystems.
2.4.1 Detection Methods
The detection of personal care products and their transformation products involves similar analytical techniques as those used for pharmaceuticals and steroid estrogens. These methods help track the persistence and degradation of these substances in the environment.
2.5 Concluding Remarks
Detecting emerging contaminants and their transformation products is crucial for understanding their long-term environmental impact. Continued advancements in detection methods will enhance our ability to monitor and mitigate the risks posed by these substances.
**Chapter 3: Removal of Trace Pollutants by Application of MBR Technology for Wastewater Treatment**
3.1 Introduction
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is a modern method of wastewater treatment that combines biological treatment with membrane filtration. It is highly effective at removing trace pollutants, including pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants.
3.2 The MBR Technology
MBR technology uses semi-permeable membranes to filter out contaminants after biological treatment processes. This system is known for its ability to remove very fine particles, including bacteria and trace organic pollutants.
3.3 Trace Pollutants Removal by MBR Plants
MBR plants are particularly effective in removing trace pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, from wastewater. This technology allows for higher water quality in effluent compared to traditional treatment methods.
3.4 Is MBR a Green Technology?
While MBR is highly effective, its classification as a green technology depends on the energy efficiency of the system and the lifecycle impact of the membranes used. Further research is required to optimize MBR systems for sustainability.
3.5 Concluding Remarks
MBR technology represents a significant advancement in wastewater treatment, particularly in the removal of trace pollutants. As the technology continues to improve, it holds great promise as a more sustainable method of treating contaminated water.
**Chapter 4: Application of Wet Oxidation to Remove Trace Pollutants from Wastewater**
4.1 Introduction
Wet oxidation is another technique used to treat wastewater, especially for the removal of trace pollutants. It involves the oxidation of organic compounds in wastewater under high pressure and temperature.
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