Free download Decontamination of Heavy Metals Processes, Mechanisms, and Applications By Jiaping Paul Chen

Authors of: Decontamination of Heavy Metals Processes, Mechanisms, and Applications By Jiaping Paul Chen

Jiaping Paul Chen

Table of Contents in Decontamination of Heavy Metals Processes, Mechanisms, and Applications By Jiaping Paul Chen

Preface

Author

1. Occurrence and Importance of Heavy Metal Contamination.

1.1 Introduction  

1.2 Economy and Metals  

1.3 Environmental Importance  

1.3.1 Essential Light Metals  

1.3.2 Essential Heavy Metals

1.3.3 Toxic Heavy Metals  

1.4 Toxicity of Heavy Metals  

1.5 Guidelines and Standards for Heavy Metals in Drinking Water…..10

1.6 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination

1.6.1 Natural Sources

1.6.2 Industrial Sources

1.6.3 Domestic Sources

1.6.4 Atmospheric Sources

1.7 Important Heavy Metals

1.7.1 Arsenic

1.7.2 Cadmium  

1.7.3 Chromium

1.7.4 Copper  

1.7.5 Lead  

1.7.6 Mercury  

1.7.7 Molybdenum  

1.7.8 Nickel  

1.7.9 Selenium  

1.7.10 Silver  

1.7.11 Zinc  

References  

2. Pollution Prevention: Principles and Applications  

2.1 Introduction  

2.2 Motivation and Concept of P2  

2.2.1 Motivation.   

2.2.2 Principles.   

2.2.3 Concepts.   

2.3 P2 Laws and Regulations  

2.4 P2 Technologies  

2.5 P2 Benefits  

2.6 Pollution Prevention Feasibility

2.6.1 Technical Feasibility  

2.6.2 Environmental Feasibility   

2.6.3 Economic Feasibility  

2.7 P2 Implementation and  

2.7.1 Project  

2.7.2 Review and Revision of Project  

2.8 Key Points in P2 Applications  

2.8.1 Material Handling and Storage  

2.8.2 Process Modification  

2.8.2.1 Process Variable  

2.8.2.2 Replacement with Cleaning  

2.8.2.3 Chemical  

2.8.2.4 Segregation and  

2.8.3 In-Process  

2.8.4 Materials and Product Substitutions  

2.8.4.1 Materials Substitution  

2.8.4.2 Product Substitution  

2.8.5 Materials  

2.9 Case Studies  

2.9.1 33/50 Program.  

2.9.2 Water Reduction in Pulp Mill  

2.9.3 P2 Plan in LBNL.  

References  

3. Precipitation Technology  

3.1 Introduction  

3.2 Theory.  

3.2.1 Calculation of Precipitation Reaction  

3.2.2 Typical Treatment Reagents  

3.2.2.1 Hydroxide  

3.2.2.2 Carbonate  

3.2.2.3 Sulfide  

3.2.3 Important Operational Parameters   

3.2.4 Treatability of Individual Metals

3.2.4.2 Cadmium.

3.2.4.3 Chromium.  

3.2.4.4 Copper..   

3.2.4.5 Nickel   

3.2.4.6 Mercury   

3.2.4.7 Lead..   

3.3 Pretreatment   

3.4 Posttreatment.  

3.5 Key Devices in Pre- and Posttreatment Steps

3.5.1 Coagulation and Flocculation  

3.5.2 Sedimentation.   

3.5.3 Filtration  

3.5.4 Dissolved Air Flotation  

3.5.5 Sludge Thickening and Dewatering  

3.5.5.1 Pressure Filter  

3.5.5.2 Vacuum Filter  

3.5.5.3 Compression Filter  

3.5.5.4 Centrifuge Device  

3.6 Case Studies  

3.6.1 Treatment of Heavy Metals in Wastewater from

Electroplating Operation  

3.6.2 Metal Removal by Insoluble Sulfide Precipitation  

3.6.3 Hybrid System for Metal  

3.6.4 Segregated Treatment of Difficult-To-Treat  

3.6.5 Treatment of Arsenic by Precipitation–

3.7 Limitations and   

3.7.1 Presence of Chelating Agents   

3.7.2 Production of Solids  

3.7.3 Importance of Process Control  

References  

4. Precipitation–Crystallization Technology  

4.1 Introduction  

4.2 Description of  

4.3 Theoretical  

4.3.1 Surface  

4.3.2 Crystallization Kinetics  

4.3.2.1 Crystal Nucleation   

4.3.2.2 Crystal   

4.3.2.3 Secondary   

4.3.3 Degree of Crystal  

4.4 Important Control Factors  

4.4.1 Total Carbon Concentration versus

Metal Concentration

4.4.2 Start-Up of the System   

4.4.3 Recycle Ratio and Hydraulic Loading   

4.4.4 pH Effect  107

4.4.5 Lead Loading and Supersaturation   

4.4.6 Bed Height  108

4.4.7 Properties of Sand Grains and Suspended Solids  

4.4.7.1 Metal Contents on Sand Grains  

4.4.7.2 Microscopic Examination of Lead-Coated

Sand Grains  

4.4.7.3 Suspended Solids in FBR  

4.5 Case Studies   

4.5.1 Recovery of Silver   

4.5.2 Recovery of Ni-Bearing Electroplating Wastewater

4.5.3 Removal of Iron from Acid Mine Drainage

4.5.4 Removal of Multispecies Heavy Metals   

4.5.5 Removal of Phosphate   

4.5.6 Copper Removal and Recovery   

4.5.7 Fluoride Removal and Recovery.   

4.5.8 Arsenic Removal..   

References  

5. Reduction-Oxidation Processes.  

5.1 Introduction  

5.2 Chemical-Induced Reduction Processes   

5.2.1 Sodium Borohydride   

5.2.2 Hydrazine  

5.2.2.1 Effect of pH  

5.2.2.2 Effect of Humic Acid  

5.2.2.3 Effect of DO  

5.2.2.4 Competition in Metal  

5.2.2.5 Effect of Seeding and Aging Process  

5.2.3 HCHO  

5.2.4 Iron  

5.2.5 Other Reducing Reagents  

5.3 Biological Reduction of Metal Sulfate  

5.3.1 Importance of Sulfate  

5.3.2 Mechanisms and Controlling  

5.3.2.1 Thermodynamics  

5.3.2.2 Type of Electron  

5.3.2.3 Kinetics  

5.3.3  

5.4 Reduction of Hexavalent  

5.4.1 Solution Chemistry of  

5.4.1.1 Hexavalent  

5.4.1.2 Trivalent  

5.4.2 Activated Sludge  

5.4.3 Membrane  

5.4.3.1 Effect of Metal on Membrane Flux  

5.4.3.2 Effect of Metal on Sludge  

5.4.3.3 Effect of Metal on Carbonaceous Pollutant

Removal  

5.4.3.4 Effect of Metal on Removal of  

5.4.4 Inactive  

5.5 Reduction and Oxidation of Arsenic Species

5.5.1  

5.5.1.1 Chemical  

5.5.1.2 Catalytic Oxidation  

5.5.1.3 Biological  

5.5.2 Reduction  

References  

6. Electrochemical Technologies for Heavy Metal Decontamination  

6.1 Introduction  

6.2 Electrodeposition  

6.2.1 Typical Reaction at Electrodes  

6.2.1.1 Reduction Reactions at Cathode  

6.2.1.2 Oxidation Reactions at  

6.2.2 Factors Affecting  

6.2.2.1 Effect of Initial Concentration  

6.2.2.2 Effect of Distance between Electrodes  

6.2.2.3 Effect of  

6.2.2.4 Effect of  

6.2.2.5 Effect of EDTA  

6.2.2.6 Effect of Ionic  

6.2.3 Recovery of Multicomponent Metal Ions  

6.2.4 Industrial  

6.3 Electrocoagulation and Electroflotation  232

6.3.1  232

6.3.1.1 Conventional  

6.3.1.2 Definition of  

6.3.1.3 Typical Electrode  

6.3.1.4 Electrode  

6.3.1.5 Factors Influencing EC  

6.3.2  

6.3.2.1 Selection of  

6.3.2.2 Typical EF  

6.3.2.3 Factors Affecting  237

6.3.3 Combination of EC and  237

6.3.3.1 Introduction  237

6.3.3.2 Electrodes  

6.3.3.3 Cell Arrangements  239

6.3.4 Case  

6.3.4.1 Copper  

6.3.4.2 Zinc Removal  

6.3.4.3 Chromium Removal  

6.3.4.4 Cadmium Removal  

6.3.4.5 Removal of Heavy Metals from

Saline Leachate  

xii Contents

6.3.4.6 Nickel and Zinc  

6.3.4.7 Arsenic Removal  249

6.3.4.8 A Hybrid EC/EF–Membrane Process .

References  251

7. Adsorption: Materials, Chemistry, and Applications

7.1 Introduction  

7.2 Activated Carbon  257

7.2.1 Surface  257

7.2.2 Effect of  261

7.2.3 Types of Metal  

7.2.4 Effect of Ionic  

7.2.5 Effect of Background  267

7.2.6 Effect of Initial Concentration and  

7.2.7 Adsorption  269

7.2.8 Presence of Industrial Organic  

7.2.9 Effect of Natural Organic  

7.2.10 Effect of Surfactant  

7.2.11 Effect of Competing Ions  

7.2.12 Temperature Effect  

7.2.13 Effect of Carbon  

7.2.14 Modification of Activated  

7.2.14.1 Chemical  

7.2.14.2 Physical  

7.2.14.3 Metal Performance of Modified Activated

7.3  

7.3.1 Preparation of Biosorbents  

7.3.2 Biosorption  

7.3.3 Biosorption Performance  

7.4 Metal  

7.5 Adsorption Treatment System  

7.5.1 Fluidized Bed  

7.5.2 Stirred Tank  

7.5.3 Fixed-Bed  

References  

8. Calculation of Metal Ion Uptake in Environmental  

8.1 Sorption  

8.1.1 Langmuir Equation  

8.1.2 Freundlich  361

8.1.3 Sips  362

8.1.4 Dubinin–Raduskevich Adsorption  362

8.1.5 Redlich–Peterson  

8.1.6 Toth Model.

8.1.7 Multicomponent Isotherms  

8.1.8 Surface Complex Formation Model  

8.1.8.1 Model Description.  

8.1.8.2 Surface Complex Formation Reactions  

8.2 Ion Exchange  

8.3 Hybrid Model  

8.3.1 Metal Uptake by Biosorbent  

8.3.2 Metal Uptake by Composite Sorbent.  

8.4 Equilibrium Calculation by Computational Tools  

8.4.1 Introduction..  

8.4.2 Mathematical Description  

8.4.3 Determination of Model Parameters  

8.5 Case Studies of Adsorption Equilibrium  

8.5.1 Heavy Metal Adsorption onto Activated Carbon

8.5.1.1 Surface Charge Properties  

8.5.1.2 Adsorption of Heavy Metals  

8.5.1.3 Multiple-Species Metal Ion Adsorption

8.5.2 Heavy Metal Sorption onto a Calcium-Alginate

Encapsulated Magnetic Sorbent  

8.5.2.1 Interaction of Functional Groups, Calcium,

and Hydrogen Ions  

8.5.2.2 Interaction of Functional Groups and

Heavy Metal Ions  

8.5.2.3 Prediction of pH  

8.6 Modeling of Adsorption  

8.6.1 Surface Diffusion Control Model  

8.6.2 Pore Diffusion Control  

Appendix A: Introduction of MINEQL  

Appendix B: Empirical Kinetics Model

Appendix C: Surface Diffusion Model  

References  

Index

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