Free download Gopal B. Saha – Basics of PET Imaging

Authors of: Gopal B. Saha – Basics of PET Imaging

Gopal B. Saha

Table of Contents in Gopal B. Saha – Basics of PET Imaging

Preface

1. Radioactive Decay and Interaction of Radiation with Matter

Atomic Structure

Radioactive Decay

Radioactive Decay Equations

General Decay Equations

Successive Decay Equations7

Units of Radioactivity

Units of Radioactivity in System Internationale Calculations

Interaction of Radiation with Matter

Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter

Interaction of g Radiation with Matter

Attenuation of g Radiations

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

2. PET Scanning Systems

Background

Solid Scintillation Detectors in PET

Photomultiplier Tube

Pulse Height Analyzer

Arrangement of Detectors

PET Scanners

Hybrid Scintillation Cameras

PET/CT Scanners

Small Animal PET Scanner

Mobile PET or PET/CT

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

3. Data Acquisition and Corrections

Data Acquisition

Two-Dimensional Versus 3-Dimensional

PET/CT Data Acquisition

Factors Affecting Acquired Data

Normalization

Photon Attenuation

Random Coincidences

Scatter Coincidences

Dead Time

Radial Elongation

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

4. Image Reconstruction, Storage and Display

Simple Backprojection

Filtered Backprojection

The Fourier Method

Types of Filters

Iterative Reconstruction

3-D Reconstruction

Partial Volume Effect

Storage

Display

Software and DICOM

PACS

Teleradiology

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

5. Performance Characteristics of PET Scanners

Spatial Resolution

Sensitivity

Noise Equivalent Count Rate

Scatter Fraction

Contrast

Quality Control of PET Scanners

Daily Quality Control Tests

Weekly Quality Control Tests

Acceptance Tests

Spatial Resolution

Scatter Fraction

Sensitivity

Count Rate Losses and Random Coincidences

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

6. Cyclotron and Production of PET Radionuclides

Cyclotron Operation

Medical Cyclotron

Nuclear Reaction

Target and its Processing

Equation for Production of Radionuclides

Specific Activity

Production of Positron-Emitting Radionuclides

Questions

Suggested Reading

7. Synthesis of PET Radiopharmaceuticals

PET Radiopharmaceuticals

18F-Sodium Fluoride

18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

6-18F-L-Fluorodopa

18F-Fluorothymidine (FLT)

15O-Water

n-15O-Butanol

13N-Ammonia

11C-Sodium Acetate

11C-Flumazenil

11C-Methylspiperone (MSP)

11C-L-Methionine

11C-Raclopride

82Rb-Rubidium Chloride

Automated Synthesis Devices

Quality Control of PET Radiopharmaceuticals

Physicochemical Tests

Biological Tests

USP Specifications for Routine PET Radiopharmaceuticals

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

8. Regulations Governing PET Radiopharmaceuticals

Food and Drug Administration

Radioactive Drug Research Committee

Radiation Regulations for PET Radiopharmaceuticals

License or Registration

Regulations for Radiation Protection

Principles of Radiation Protection

Time

Distance

Shielding

Activity

Do’s and Don’ts in Radiation Protection Practice

Department of Transportation

Distribution of 18F-FDG

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

9. Reimbursement for PET Procedures

Background

Coverage

Coding

CPT, HCPCS, and APC Codes

ICD-9-CM Codes

Payment

Hospital Inpatient Services—Medicare

Hospital Outpatient Services—Medicare

Freestanding Imaging Center—Medicare

Non-Medicare Payers—All Settings

Billing

Billing Process

Chronology of PET Reimbursement

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

10. Design and Cost of PET Center

Site Planning

Passage

PET Center

PET Scanner Section

Cyclotron Section

Office Area

Caveat

Shielding

Case Study

Cost of PET Operation

Questions

References and Suggested Reading

11. Procedures for PET Studies

Whole-Body PET Imaging with 18F-FDG

Physician’s Directive

Patient Preparation

Dosage Administration

Scan

Reconstruction and Storage

Whole-Body PET/CT imaging with 18F-FDG

Physician Directive

Patient Preparation

Dosage Administration

Scan

Reconstruction and Storage

Myocardial Metabolic PET Imaging with 18F-FDG

Patient Preparation

Dosage Administration

Scan

Reconstruction and Storage

Myocardial Perfusion PET Imaging with 82Rb-RbCl

Patient Preparation

Dosage Administration and Scan

Reconstruction and Storage

Addendum

82Rb Infusion Pump

Reference and Suggested Reading

Appendix A. Abbreviations Used in the Text

Appendix B. Terms Used in the Text

Appendix C. Units and Constants

Appendix D. Estimated Absorbed Doses From Intravenous

Administration of 18F-FDG and 82Rb-RbCl

Appendix E. Evaluation of Tumor Uptake of 18F-FDG by

PET

Appendix F. Answers to Questions

Index

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